Measles

Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the measles virus. Humans are the only natural hosts of the measles virus, and individuals with measles are the only source of infection.

The main mode of transmission is through respiratory droplets, and it can also spread through direct contact with patient's secretions. The population is generally susceptible and the incubation period is usually 6-21 days, with an average of 8 to 12 days.

Typical clinical symptoms of measles include fever and the appearance of 0.5 to 1mm gray-white spots (Koplik's spots) on the oral mucosa cheeks, surrounded by a red halo; lip mucosa may also show similar spots. After 2-4 days of fever, a rash appears, lasting for 3 to 5 days. The rash initially appears as faint red macules, some of which merge to become dark red. At the peak of the rash, body temperature increases, and systemic symptoms worsen. If there are no complications, the rash typically fades in 1 to 2 weeks, and the body temperature returns to normal.

In addition to typical measles, there can be other atypical clinical presentations, such as atypical measles syndrome, neonatal measles, adult measles, and rash-free measles. The most common complication is bronchopneumonia.

Measles is a vaccine-preventable disease, and vaccination with vaccines containing measles components is effective in preventing measles. The national immunization program includes the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Other prevention and control measures include: maintaining good hygiene practices, seeking medical diagnosis and treatment upon symptom onset, patients should undergo hospitalization or home isolation for treatment or rest as advised by medical professionals; once a measles outbreak identified, measles-contained vaccines should be given to close contacts promptly.